I. Vocabulary (المفردات)
1. Key Vocabulary (الكلمات الرئيسية)
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| activist (n) | ناشط |
| bear the brunt | يتحمل العبء الأكبر |
| brunt (n) | عبء - هم |
| climate resilience | المرونة المناخية |
| crisis (n) | أزمة |
| emphasize(d) (v) | يؤكد على - يركز بـ |
| equity (n) | مساواة - عدالة |
| extreme weather | طقس قاس / شديد |
| forecast (n-v) | تنبؤ - يتنبأ بـ |
| greenhouse gas emissions | انبعاثات الغازات الدفيئة |
| heatwave (n) | موجة حارة |
| marginalized (adj) | مُهَمَّش - مُهمَل |
| marginalized communities | المجتمعات المهمشة |
| meteorologist (n) | خبير أرصاد |
| optimistic (adj) | متفائل - مستبشر |
| pessimistic (adj) | متشائم |
| profound (adj) | عميق - خطير |
| prolonged (adj) | طويل |
| scorching (adj) | شديد الحرارة |
| sustainable (adj) | مستدام |
| vulnerable (adj) | معرض للخطر |
2. Important Vocabulary (مفردات هامة)
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| action (n) | تَصَرُّف - قيام |
| address(ed) (v) | يخاطب - يطالب بـ |
| advocate(d) (v) | يدعم - يدافع عن |
| ahead (adv) | مقدماً |
| ambitious (adj) | طموح |
| analyze(d) (v) | يحلل |
| audience (n) | الجمهور |
| baking (adj) | محرق / مشمس جداً |
| bear - bore - borne (v) | يتحمل |
| boiling (adj) | حار للغاية |
| burden(d) (n-v) | عبء - يتحمل عبء |
| central (adj) | محوري - مركزي |
| chilly (adj) | بارد - فاتر |
| climate change | التغير المناخي |
| climate justice | العدالة المناخية |
| climate-related | خاص بالمناخ |
| consequences (n) | نتائج |
| contribute(d) (v) | يساهم |
| cooperation (n) | تعاون |
| core (n) | جوهر - لب |
| debate (n) | نقاش - مناظرة |
| decade (n) | عقد (10 سنوات) |
| decision-making (n) | اتخاذ القرار |
| deliver(ed) (v) | ينقل - يوصل |
| demand(d) (n-v) | طلب - يطلب - يتطلب |
| destructive (adj) | مدمر |
| development (n) | تنمية - تطوير |
| distribution (n) | توزيع |
| dramatically (adv) | بشكل كبير |
| drought (n) | جفاف |
| emissions (n) | انبعاثات |
| empower(ed) (v) | يُمكّن |
| extreme (adj) | متطرف - شديد |
| fair (adj) | عادل |
| foggy (adj) | ضبابي / غير واضح |
| frequent (adj) | متكرر - سائد |
| global (adj) | عالمي |
| globally (adv) | دولياً - عالمياً |
| greenhouse gases | غازات الاحتباس الحراري |
| honestly (adv) | بأمانة |
| hopefully (adv) | على أمل - مأمول |
| humid (adj) | رطب |
| human rights | حقوق الإنسان |
| hurricane (n) | إعصار |
| ignore(d) (v) | يتجاهل |
| immediate (adj) | فوري |
| impact(d) (n - v) | تأثير - يؤثر |
| inclusive (adj) | شامل |
| industrialized (adj) | صناعي |
| insecurity (n) | انعدام الأمن |
| insight (n) | بصيرة |
| investment (n) | استثمار |
| justice (n) | العدالة |
| livelihoods (n) | سبل العيش |
| low-income (adj) | منخفض الدخل |
| majority (n) | معظم / غالبية |
| meaningful (adj) | ذو مغزى - مؤثر |
| measures (n) | تدابير - إجراءات |
| mechanisms (n) | آليات |
| melting (n) | ذوبان |
| minor (adj) | ثانوي - بسيط |
| modification (n) | تعديل |
| monumental (adj) | ضخم - أثري |
| movement (n) | حركة |
| notably (adv) | بشكل ملحوظ |
| numerous (adj) | عديد |
| opportunity (n) | فرصة |
| overcast (adj) | ملبد بالغيوم |
| overnight (adj) | بين عشية وضحاها |
| policy (n) | سياسة |
| populations (n) | سكان - شعوب |
| potential (adj) | محتمل |
| poverty (n) | الفقر |
| powerless (adj) | عاجز - لا حول له |
| pressing (adj) | ملح |
| primarily (adv) | أساساً / في المقام الأول |
| process (n) | عملية |
| progression (n) | تقدم - تطور |
| protection (n) | حماية |
| protest(ed) (n-v) | احتجاج - يحتج |
| recognition (n) | إدراك |
| reduce(d) (v) | يقلل |
| region (n) | منطقة |
| renewable (adj) | متجدد |
| residence (n) | سكن - إقامة |
| reside(d) (v) | يعيش - يقطن |
| resilience (n) | مرونة |
| resources (n) | موارد |
| responsibility (n) | مسئولية |
| responsible (adj) | مسئول عن |
| reverse(d) (v) | يعكس - يغير جذرياً |
| risk(ed) (n - v) | خطر - يخاطر بـ |
| rising (adj) | متزايد |
| ruin (ed) (n - v) | دمار - خراب - يدمر |
| sandstorm (n) | عاصفة رملية |
| scenario (n) | سيناريو |
| secure (adj) | سليم - محكم - آمن |
| severe (adj) | شديد / بالغ |
| shaped (n-v) | شكل - يُشكل |
| sheets (n) | صفائح |
| shift(ed) (n - v) | تحول - يتحول |
| significant (adj) | بارز - هام |
| situated (adj) | واقعة - موجودة |
| slow(ed) (v - adj) | يبطئ - بطئ |
| societal (adj) | مجتمعي |
| solution (n) | حل |
| strategy (n) | استراتيجية |
| suffer (ed) (v) | يعاني |
| summit (n) | مؤتمر قمة |
| sunscreen (n) | كريم واقي من الشمس |
| support (ed) (v - n) | دعم - يدعم |
| tax (n) | ضريبة |
| thermal (adj) | حراري (أرضي) |
| threaten(ed) (v) | يهدد |
| thunderstorm (n) | عاصفة رعدية |
| transition (n) | انتقال - تحول |
| trapped (v) | يحاصر - يحتجز |
| trend (n) | اتجاه |
| unequal (adj) | غير عادل |
| unheard (adj) | مهمل - مُهمش |
| uphold - upheld (v) | يحترم - يُعلي من شأن |
| urban (adj) | حضري |
| urge(d) (v) | يحث - يشجع |
| wave (n) | موجة |
| youth-led (adj) | ذو قيادة شبابية |
| zone (n) | منطقة |
3. Definitions (تعريفات)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| activist (n) | A person who takes action to bring about political or social change. (شخص يتخذ إجراءات لإحداث تغيير سياسي أو اجتماعي). |
| bear the brunt | To suffer the worst part of something bad. (أن يعاني من الجزء الأسوأ من شيء سيء). |
| climate resilience | Ability to recover from climate events. (القدرة على التعافي من الأحداث المناخية). |
| crisis (n) | A time of intense difficulty or danger. (وقت صعوبة أو خطر شديد). |
| emphasize (v) | To give special importance or attention to something. (إعطاء أهمية أو اهتمام خاص لشيء ما). |
| equity (n) | Fairness or equal treatment. |
| extreme weather | A weather condition that is unusually strong, dangerous, or destructive. |
| forecast (n-v) | The prediction of future weather conditions. |
| greenhouse gas emissions | Pollution that traps heat in the Earth's atmosphere. |
| heatwave (n) | A very long period of dangerously hot weather. |
| marginalized (adj) | Pushed to the edge of society, given less importance, or denied rights or opportunities. |
| meteorologist (n) | Someone who studies or predicts the weather. |
| optimistic (adj) | Having a positive outlook or expecting good things to happen. |
| pessimistic (adj) | Expecting bad or negative outcomes. |
| profound (adj) | Very deep, intense, or significant in meaning or effect. |
| prolonged (adj) | Lasting for a long time. |
| scorching (adj) | Very hot. |
| sustainable (adj) | Capable of being continued over the long term without harming the environment or depleting resources. |
| uphold (v) | Support or defend (a rule or right). |
| vulnerable (adj) | Easily harmed, physically or emotionally; at risk. |
4. Derivatives (مشتقات الكلمات)
| Word | Derivatives |
|---|---|
| activist |
activist (n): ناشط activism (n): النشاطية / الفعالية active (adj): نشيط / فعال actively (adv): بنشاط |
| emphasize |
emphasize (v): يؤكد emphasis (n): تأكيد emphatic (adj): حازم / مؤكد |
| equity | equity (n): عدالة / إنصاف equitable (adj): عادل / منصف equitably (adv): بعدالة |
| extreme | extreme (adj): شديد / قاس extremely (adv): للغاية extremity (n): أقصى حد / طرف extremist (n-adj): متطرف |
| emission | emission (n): انبعاث emit (v): يبعث / يصدر emitter (n): باعث / مصدر انبعاث emitted (adj): منبعث |
| marginalize | marginalize (v): يهمش marginalization (n): التهميش marginalized (adj): مهمش marginal (adj): هامشي |
| optimistic | optimistic (adj): متفائل optimism (n): التفاؤل |
| pessimistic | pessimistic (adj): متشائم pessimism (n): التشاؤم |
| profound | profound (adj): عميق / بالغ profoundly (adv): بعمق / بشكل عميق |
| prolong | prolong (v): يطيل / يمدد prolonged (adj): طويل الأمد |
| scorch | scorch (v): يُحرق / يلهب scorching (adj): حارق / شديد الحرارة scorched (adj): محترق / متفحم |
| sustainable | sustain (v): يحافظ على / يدعم sustainable (adj): مستدام sustainability (n): الاستدامة sustained (adj): مستمر / متواصل |
| vulnerable | vulnerable (adj): عرضة للخطر vulnerability (n): هشاشة / سهولة التعرض للخطر vulnerably (adv): بضعف / بهشاشة |
5. Collocations & Expressions (متلازمات وتعبيرات)
| Expression | Meaning |
|---|---|
| analyze data | يحلل البيانات |
| bear the brunt | يتحمل العبء الأكبر / النصيب الأكبر من العبء |
| contribute the least | يساهم بأقل قدر |
| deliver information | يقدم المعلومات |
| equal treatment | معاملة متساوية |
| extreme weather events | أحوال جوية متطرفة |
| face the music | يتحمل العواقب (حتى لو كانت صعبة) |
| give a voice to | يتحدث بلسان |
| global warming | الاحتباس الحراري |
| ignore impacts | يتجاهل التأثيرات |
| play a role | يلعب دورًا |
| shoulder the burden | يتحمل مسؤولية صعبة |
| take action / take stronger action | يتخذ إجراء / إجراءات أقوى |
| take the heat | يتحمل الانتقاد أو اللوم |
| take urgent precautions | يتخذ احتياطات عاجلة |
| uphold rights | يحمي أو يحترم الحقوق |
6. Verb + Preposition (فعل + حرف جر)
| Verb | Meaning |
|---|---|
| contribute to + (inf.+ing) | يساهم في |
| give up | يقلع عن - يستسلم |
| look forward to + (inf.+ing) | يتطلع إلى |
| suffer from | يعاني من |
| show up | يظهر / يحضر |
| take part in | يشارك في |
| trap in | يحتجز / يحبس في |
7. Synonyms (مترادفات)
| Word | Synonyms |
|---|---|
| activist | campaigner, advocate, reformer |
| crisis | emergency, disaster, critical situation |
| emphasize | highlight, stress, underline |
| equity | fairness, justice, impartiality |
| extreme | intense, severe, excessive |
| marginalized | excluded, disadvantaged, oppressed |
| optimistic | hopeful, positive, confident |
| profound | deep, meaningful, intense |
| prolonged | extended, lengthy |
| resilience | adaptability, toughness |
| scorching | burning, boiling, extremely hot |
| sustainable | eco-friendly, long-lasting |
| vulnerable | at risk, exposed, defenseless, endangered |
8. Antonyms (متضادات)
| Word | Antonyms |
|---|---|
| resilience | fragility, weakness |
| crisis | stability, peace, calm |
| emphasize | ignore, overlook |
| equity | inequality, injustice |
| extreme | moderate, mild |
| marginalized | included, empowered, accepted |
| optimistic | pessimistic, doubtful |
| profound | superficial, trivial |
| prolonged | brief, short-lived |
| scorching | freezing, chilly |
| sustainable | wasteful, harmful, short-term |
| vulnerable | protected, secure, strong |
II. Grammar (القواعد)
Modal verbs of deduction, advice and regret
1. Deduction (الاستنتاج)
-
Strong positive deduction (استنتاج مثبت قوي):
- Present: must + inf.
He has eaten nothing all day. He must be hungry. - Past: must have + p.p.
He studied very hard. He must have passed the exam.
- Present: must + inf.
-
Strong negative deduction (استنتاج منفي قوي):
- Present: can't/couldn't + inf.
He has eaten nothing all day. He can't be full. - Past: can't/couldn't have + p.p.
He didn't study at all. He can't have passed the exam.
- Present: can't/couldn't + inf.
-
Weak deduction (استنتاج ضعيف):
- Present: might/may/could + inf.
I don't know why Sama isn't at the party. She might be ill. - Past: might/may/could have + p.p.
She wasn't at school yesterday. She might have been ill.
- Present: might/may/could + inf.
-
Deduction in Present Continuous:
- must/can't/might/may/could + be + ing
Ayman hasn't answered my call. He must be interviewing some applicants.
- must/can't/might/may/could + be + ing
- Note: could have + p.p. can express weak deduction or something that was possible but didn't happen.
2. Advice (النصيحة)
- should/ought to + inf.
You should work hard to achieve your goal. - shouldn't/ought not to + inf.
You shouldn't waste your time.
3. Blame or Regret (اللوم أو الندم)
- should have + p.p. (Regret for not doing something)
I should have taken my medicine on time. - shouldn't have + p.p. (Blame for doing something wrong)
You shouldn't have added too much salt.
III. Language Use & Clear the Confusion (استخدامات لغوية)
Weather Expressions
| Expression | Meaning |
|---|---|
| scorching hot | شديد الحرارة |
| boiling | حار للغاية |
| baking | محرق / مشمس جدًا |
| freezing cold | بارد جدًا |
| chilly | بارد - فاتر |
| pouring with rain | تمطر بشدة |
| humid | رطب |
| stormy | عاصف |
| foggy | ضبابي |
| overcast | ملبد بالغيوم |
Important Distinctions
| Terms | Explanation |
|---|---|
| climate vs. weather |
climate (n): The long-term weather pattern in a specific area. (المناخ) weather (n): The day-to-day state of the atmosphere. (الطقس) |
| drought vs. draught |
drought (n): A long period with no rain. (جفاف) draught (n): A cold breeze of air. (تيار هواء) |
| forecast vs. predict |
forecast (v): To predict based on data and analysis (e.g., weather). predict (v): To say something will happen in the future, often based on belief or logic. |
| equality vs. equity vs. fairness vs. justice |
equality: Everyone gets the same thing. (المساواة) equity: Everyone gets the support they need to achieve fairness. (الإنصاف) fairness: Treating people impartially without favoritism. (الإنصاف) justice: A fair system based on laws and moral principles. (العدالة) |
Important Idioms
| Idiom | Meaning |
|---|---|
| bear the brunt | To endure the main force or the worst part of something bad. (يتحمل الجزء الأكبر من الضرر) |
| take the heat | To accept criticism or blame for something. (يقبل النقد أو اللوم) |
| shoulder the burden | To take on a difficult responsibility. (يتحمل مسئولية صعبة) |
| face the music | To accept the negative consequences of your actions. (يواجه العواقب) |