I. Vocabulary (المفردات)
1. Key Vocabulary (الكلمات الرئيسية)
| Word / Phrase | Meaning |
|---|---|
| affection (n) | مودة / عاطفة |
| anxiety (n) | قلق |
| clumsiness (n) | التصرف بغباء أو بدون مهارة |
| clumsy (adj) | أخرق / غير ماهر |
| cruelty (n) | قسوة |
| depression (n) | اكتئاب |
| disaster (n) | كارثة |
| glamorous (adj) | فاتن / ساحر |
| hang out (v) | يتنزه / يسترخي مع الأصدقاء |
| hit the town | يخرج للتنزه في المدينة |
| hormone (n) | هرمون |
| keep my hands to myself | لا أتدخل فيما لا يعنيني |
| maintain(ed) (v) | يحافظ / يقوم بصيانة |
| mortify(ied) (v) | يُخجل / يحرج |
| mortifying (adj) | مخجل |
| reassure(d) (v) | يُطمئن |
| socialize(d) (v) | يندمج اجتماعيًا |
| strengthen (ed) (v) | يقوّي |
| superficially (adv) | بشكل سطحي |
| weeknight (n) | ليلة أسبوعية |
| well-being (n) | رفاهية / سعادة |
2. Important Vocabulary (مفردات هامة)
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| accept(ed) (v) | يقبل |
| admit(ted) (v) | يعترف |
| apologize(d) (v) | يعتذر |
| ashamed (adj) | خجلان |
| atmosphere (n) | الجو |
| awkward (adj) | مزعج |
| beneficial (adj) | مفيد |
| benefit(ed) (n-v) | فائدة / يستفيد |
| bite - bit - bitten (v) | يعض |
| boost(ed) (v) | يعزز |
| bowling (n) | لعبة البولينج |
| brand-new (adj) | جديد كليًا |
| cancel(ed) (v) | يلغي |
| celebrate(d) (v) | يحتفل |
| cheerful (adj) | مبتهج |
| close (adj) | مقرب |
| convince(d) (v) | يقنع |
| count(ed) (v) | يعتمد / يحسب |
| decline(d) (v) | يرفض / يتناقص |
| deny(ied) (v) | ينكر |
| downtown (n) | وسط المدينة |
| dull (adj) | ممل |
| embarrass(ed) (v) | يحرج |
| experience(d) (v-n) | يجرب / تجربة |
| fancy(ied) (adj-v) | فاخر / يتخيل |
| forgiveness (n) | غفران / تسامح |
| gathering (n) | تجمع |
| grab(bed) (v) | يمسك |
| helpless (adj) | عاجز |
| hiking (n) | التنزه سيرًا |
| immune (adj) | مناعي |
| incredibly (adv) | بشكل لا يصدق |
| insisted (v) | يصر |
| interaction (n) | تفاعل |
| invest(ed) (v) | يستثمر |
| jokingly (adv) | مازحًا |
| kindness (n) | لطف |
| lasting (adj) | دائم |
| lively (adj) | نشيط |
| mood (n) | الحالة المزاجية |
| particularly (adv) | خصوصًا |
| promotion (n) | ترقية |
| quality (n) | جودة / سمة |
| quantity (n) | كمية |
| rate (n) | نسبة |
| release(d) (v) | يطلق |
| research (n) | بحث |
| salt shaker (n) | ملاحة |
| silence (n) | سكوت |
| sociable (adj) | اجتماعي |
| splash(ed) (v) | يرش |
| sprinkle(d) (v-n) | يرش |
| support(ed) (v-n) | دعم / يدعم |
| supportive (adj) | داعم |
| tend(ed) (v) | يميل إلى |
| unaware (adj) | غير مدرك |
| unbearable (adj) | غير محتمل |
| warn(ed) (v) | يحذر |
| whenever (adv) | كلما |
3. Definitions (تعريفات)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| affection (n) | A feeling of liking or caring for someone. |
| anxiety (n) | A feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something with an uncertain outcome. |
| clumsiness (n) | Being awkward or careless with movements, often dropping or bumping into things. |
| cruelty (n) | Behavior that causes pain or suffering to others. |
| depression (n) | A mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness and loss of interest. |
| disaster (n) | A terrible event or complete failure. |
| glamorous (adj) | Attractive, stylish, and exciting in a fancy way. |
| hang out (v) | To spend time in a particular place or with particular people. |
| hit the town (v) | To go out to enjoy entertainment, such as eating at restaurants, going to parties, or visiting places in the city. |
| hormones (n) | Chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions. |
| keep my hands to myself | To avoid touching people or things, especially when it is not appropriate or without permission. |
| maintain (v) | To keep something in good condition. |
| mortify (v) | To cause (someone) to feel embarrassment, shame, or humiliation. |
| mortifying (adj) | Extremely embarrassing or shameful. |
| reassure (v) | To say or do something to remove the doubts or fears of (someone). |
| socialize (v) | The action or practice of participating in social activities or mixing socially with others. |
| strengthen (v) | To make something stronger. |
| superficially (adv) | On the outward appearance only; not deeply or thoroughly. |
| weeknight (n) | Any night of the week except Friday or Saturday. |
| well-being (n) | The state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy. |
4. Derivatives (مشتقات الكلمات)
| Word | Derivatives |
|---|---|
| affection | affection (n): مودة affectionate (adj): محب affectionately (adv): بمودة |
| anxiety | anxiety (n): قلق anxious (adj): قلق anxiously (adv): بقلق |
| clumsiness | clumsiness (n): التصرف بغباء clumsy (adj): أخرق clumsily (adv): بغشم |
| cruelty | cruelty (n): قسوة cruel (adj): قاس cruelly (adv): بقسوة |
| depression | depression (n): اكتئاب depressed (adj): مكتئب depressing (adj): مُحبط |
| disaster | disaster (n): كارثة disastrous (adj): كارثي |
| glamorous | glamorous (adj): باهر glamour (n): فتنة |
| hormone | hormone (n): هرمون hormonal (adj): هرموني |
| maintain | maintain (v): يحافظ maintenance (n): صيانة |
| mortify | mortify (v): يُخجل mortified (adj): مخجول mortifying (adj): مُخجل (مُسبب للخجل) |
| reassure | reassure (v): يُطمئن reassurance (n): طمأنة reassured (adj): مطمئن |
| socialize | socialize (v): يندمج اجتماعيًا socialization (n): تنشئة اجتماعية |
| strengthen | strengthen (v): يقوّي strength (n): قوة |
| superficially | superficially (adv): بشكل سطحي superficial (adj): سطحي |
5. Collocations & Expressions (متلازمات وتعبيرات)
| Expression | Meaning |
|---|---|
| accidents happen | الحوادث تقع (عبارة تُقال للتهوين) |
| boost mood | يحسن الحالة المزاجية |
| catch up on old times | يسترجع الذكريات القديمة |
| create memories | يصنع ذكريات |
| develop skills | يطور مهارات |
| do revision | يراجع الدروس |
| face-to-face interaction | تفاعل وجهاً لوجه |
| hit the town | يخرج للتنزه في المدينة |
| invest in your well-being | استثمر في رفاهيتك |
| It rains cats and dogs | تمطر بغزارة |
| keep my hands to myself | لا أتدخل فيما لا يعنيني |
| lasting memories | ذكريات دائمة |
| maintain friendships | يحافظ على الصداقات |
| make plans | يضع خططًا |
| pale as a ghost | شاحب جداً (شاحب كالشبح) |
| quality over quantity | الكيف أهم من الكم |
| share experiences | يشارك التجارب |
| stand by your side | يقف معك في الشدة |
| strengthen friendships | يقوّي الصداقات |
| true friendship | الصداقة الحقيقية |
| weep with relief | يبكي فرحًا / بارتياح |
6. Verb + Preposition (فعل + حرف جر)
| Verb | Meaning |
|---|---|
| agree to | يوافق على |
| apologize for | يعتذر عن |
| bump into | يصطدم بـ |
| catch up (on) | يتابع / يتبادل الأخبار |
| check on | يتفقد |
| fill up | يملأ |
| forgive... for | يسامح... على |
| go beyond | يتجاوز |
| hang out (with) | يتنزه (مع) |
| insist on | يصر على |
| invest in | يستثمر في |
| knock over | يسقط |
| look for | يبحث عن |
| pay for | يدفع مقابل |
| reach for | يمد يده ليتناول |
| remind... to | يذكر... بـ |
| share... with | يشارك... مع |
| spend time (with) | يقضي وقتًا (مع) |
| stay in touch with | يبقى على اتصال مع |
| struggle to | يكافح من أجل |
| wait for | ينتظر |
| warn... to/not to | يحذر... أن/ألا |
7. Synonyms (مترادفات)
| Word | Synonyms (مترادفات) |
|---|---|
| affection | love, fondness, warmth |
| anxiety | worry, concern, unease |
| clumsy | awkward, ungraceful |
| cruelty | brutality, harshness |
| depression | sadness, gloom, despair |
| disaster | catastrophe, calamity, tragedy |
| glamorous | charming, stylish, elegant |
| maintain | preserve, sustain, continue |
| mortify | humiliate, embarrass, shame |
| reassure | comfort, encourage, soothe |
| socialize | mingle, interact, mix |
| strengthen | fortify, reinforce, boost |
| superficially | shallowly, externally |
| well-being | welfare, health, happiness |
7. Antonyms (متضادات)
| Word | Antonyms (متضادات) |
|---|---|
| affection | hatred, dislike, animosity |
| anxiety | calmness, ease, relaxation |
| clumsy | graceful, skillful, nimble |
| cruelty | kindness, compassion, mercy |
| depression | happiness, joy, cheerfulness |
| disaster | success, blessing, triumph |
| glamorous | plain, dull, unattractive |
| maintain | neglect, abandon, ignore |
| mortify | praise, honor, flatter |
| reassure | alarm, worry, unsettle |
| socialize | isolate, avoid, desert |
| strengthen | weaken, reduce, damage |
| superficially | deeply, thoroughly, profoundly |
| well-being | suffering, misery, hardship |
II. Grammar (القواعد)
Reported Questions (الأسئلة في الكلام غير المباشر)
1. Wh-Questions (الأسئلة التي تبدأ بأداة استفهام)
- The question word (what, where, why, etc.) is used as a linking word.
- The word order changes from a question to a statement (Subject + Verb).
- Tenses, pronouns, and time/place adverbs change as they do in reported statements.
- Direct:
"Where have you spent the weekend?" asked Omar. - Reported:
Omar asked where I had spent the weekend.
2. Yes/No Questions (الأسئلة التي تبدأ بفعل مساعد)
- Use 'if' or 'whether' as the linking word.
- The word order also changes to a statement (Subject + Verb).
- All other changes (tenses, pronouns, etc.) apply.
- Direct:
"Are you doing your homework, Rodayna?" asked Mum. - Reported:
Mum asked Rodayna if/whether she was doing her homework.
Note: Reporting verbs like asked, wondered, or wanted to know are used. Question marks and quotation marks are removed.
III. Language Use & Clear the Confusion (استخدامات لغوية)
Important Distinctions
| Terms | Explanation |
|---|---|
| clumsiness vs. laziness | clumsiness (n): Awkwardness in movement. (عدم الإتقان في الحركات) laziness (n): Unwillingness to work. (الكسل) |
| disaster vs. accident | disaster (n): A major, tragic event with severe consequences. (كارثة) accident (n): An unexpected, unintentional event, often with minor damage. (حادث) |
| hang out vs. hang up | hang out (v): To spend time relaxing with others. (يتنزه) hang up (v): To end a phone call. (يُغلق المكالمة) |
| mortify vs. modify | mortify (v): To cause extreme embarrassment. (يُخجل) modify (v): To make small changes to improve something. (يُعَدِّل) |
| reassure vs. ensure | reassure (v): To remove someone's doubts or fears. (يُطمئن) ensure (v): To make certain that something will happen. (يَتَأكد) |
| sociable vs. social | sociable (adj): Describes a person who is friendly and enjoys being with others. (شخص اجتماعي) social (adj): Relating to society or its organization. (شيء اجتماعي) |
| packed vs. wrapped | packed (adj): Crowded or filled tightly. (ممتلئ / مُعبأ) wrapped (adj): Covered in paper or other material. (مُغلف) |
| recommend vs. suggest | recommend (v): To advise something based on personal experience or knowledge. (يُوصي بـ) suggest (v): To offer an idea or plan for consideration. (يقترح) |
| destructive vs. instructive | destructive (adj): Causing great damage. (مُدَمّر) instructive (adj): Providing useful knowledge or information. (تَعْلِيمِي) |
| -ing vs. -ed Adjectives | -ing Adjectives: Describe the thing that *causes* the feeling (e.g., The book is boring). (المُؤَثِّر) -ed Adjectives: Describe the person or thing that *feels* the feeling (e.g., I am bored). (المُتَأَثِّر) |
| interaction vs. reaction | interaction (n): A mutual action or communication between two or more things. (تفاعل) reaction (n): A response to an event or stimulus. (رد فعل) |
| overwhelming vs. amazing | overwhelming (adj): Too much to handle; overpowering. (مُرهِق / غامر) amazing (adj): Causing great surprise or wonder. (مُدهش) |